Classification Of Computer

Classification of computer is based on physical measurements and competencies, such as supercomputers, mainframe computers, mini and microcomputers.

SUPERCOMPUTERS

Supercomputers or other name of the large mainframe . Development limited to only a few hundred units worldwide. This is because the price is very expensive. Supercomputers have complex central processing unit with the ability to very quickly. It also can process billions of instructions per second (BIPS) . It is used exclusively for solved scientific problems of complexity and sophistication, eg Cray I, Cray II, III Cray, and CDC CYBER205.

MAINFRAME COMPUTER

Mainframe computers are first introduced in the 40's is like UNIVAC , IBM 360 , and others. This kind of computer are mostly owned by large organizations and institutions of higher learning. It's also a great size and the ability to process large amounts of data quickly and accurately lot, capable of processing data at high speed and millions of instructions per second (MIPS). It also allows the computer to be shared by hundreds of users at a time.

MINI COMPUTER

Mini Computer also is slower, less storage capacity and cheaper than mainframe computers. Mostly owned by the business department, the department of public / private sector and institutions of higher learning. Computer Mini also uses the concept of multiprogramming and multiprocessing . An example is the HP 3000 , SEQUENT and others.

MICROCOMPUTERS

Microcomputer or personal computer also   has a small size as a desktop or laptop. It was first introduced in the mid-1970s. Microprocessors are the basis for microcomputers. Increasingly widespread use of microcomputers. Supermikro or workstation (workstation) has been introduced. It is the connection between microcomputers and minicomputers are capable of using the concept of multiprogramming and multiprocessing.

Beginning Computer Era

From ancient times until now have existed four generations. It occurs in about 40 years.

FIRST GENERATION (1951 - 1958)

In 1937-1938 Dr. John V.Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berry has been designing and building the first digital electronic computer. Computer is called the ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer). While John W.Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert has created ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator)  in 1945. ENIAC could do 5000 mixing and multiplication sertiap 300 seconds. 2 years later they had set up a company called Spery Rand and flushing UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) in 1951. UNIVAC I was the first computer used for commercial data processing. It is widely used by the U.S. Census Bureau. UNIVAC I work using vacuum tubes / vacuum as the computer's internal components to process and store information. It uses electrical energy, size and weight. This computer is also very difficult to be maintained and frequently were damaged. Programming is done in machine language, 0 & 1 (low level language). Storage capacity of the computer on the first generation is between 8000 to 20000 characters. Meanwhile, the calculation was carried out in "microseconds".

First Generation Computer

SECOND GENERATION (1959 - 1961)

This generation computers use transistors and diodes of small devices that transfer electrical signals through the resistor to replace vacuum tubes / vacuum . Transistor is short for transfer resistor . Examples of computer created is DEC PDP-8 , IBM 7090 , IBM 7094 and others. Advantages of transistors it can works better than the first generation computers using vacuum tubes. This generation of computer size smaller, lighter, faster, and cheaper and do not need warm-up time. Use less electricity when compared with the first generation of computers. Programming is done in a high level language, namely FORTRAN (1954) and COBOL (1959). Meanwhile, continue to increase their storage capacity of 16,000 to 64,000 characters and it uses containers that can be moved disks (removable disk cartridge). Computations performed in "microseconds".

Second Generation Computer

THIRD GENERATION (1965 - 1970)

Computers in this generation exploited integrated circuit of electrical circuits containing silicon chips are very small to replace the transistor. Prices are cheap chips cause   the rapid development of electronic devices and falling tools. This computer features an integrated circuit that contains the electrical circuits yanf very small silicon chip consisting of thousands of transistors. This chip is cheaper, denser and more reliable. Examples of computer created is the IBM 360 and the microcomputer as APPLE II , IBM PC , Sinclair and others. Size of the computer to be 1/3 smaller than the first generation of computers. It can also adopt the concept of multiprogramming and multiprocessing which seem to run several programs simultaneously and share the same resources and this increases the effectiveness of the computer. Calculation process performed in "nanoseconds". Processing interactive introduced where users communicate directly with a computer. Method of achieving this result in the customer service industry grow. Minicomputers introduced which functions the same as "full size system" but it is much smaller, slower and cheaper.

Third Generation Computer

FOURTH GENERATION (1971 - Present)

Since the late 1970s increased computer speed and reliability. Fourth generation is an extension of the third generation where the third generation chips used to build memory and computer ligik. All chip retained to develop the next technology of general-purpose-on-a-chip called the microprocessor (microprocessor). Microprocessor replace integrated circuits . Microprocessors are also available in digital clock, calculator, and various machines in the office and at home. Microprocessor go on sale in 1971. Examples of computers on this generation is from IBM which uses Intel 80286 chip, chip Intel 80386, Intel 80486 chip (containing 1.2 million transistors, measuring 0.4 "x 0.5" and are capable of carrying 15 million instructions per second). chip Intel Pentium (containing 3.1 million transistors that are capable of performing 112 million instructions per second). chip Intel Pentium Pro (contains 5.5 million transistors that are capable of performing 250 million instructions per second) . chip Intel Pentium Pro MMX , Cyrix , AMD , Pentium II and others. Among the features found on the computer of this generation is a smaller size, minimum use of energy. It can be used in conjunction with a number of programming languages. Their storage capabilities continue to increase to 1 million to 50 million characters and calculations performed in "picoseconds" computer size now is 100 times smaller than the size of the first generation of computers and a chip is more powerful than ENIAC.

Forth Generation Computer

FIFTH GENERATION

The fifth generation of computing for the next generation of computers is still not widely introduced. But their efforts to have been initiated by some developed countries. It is also still in the research stage, in which Japan is the country most research. Their goal is to build a more powerful computer and artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence), expert systems (expert systems), robotics and so on. Hardware Size will continue to become smaller while its internal memory continues to increase rapidly.

Fifth Generation Computer

Fifth Generation Computer

Creation History Of Computer

 The history begins with the invention of the computer creation business tools, such as Abacus which is now conducted by computers. In the old days calculation is done by using fingers, beads, wood and shells. With the invention of the Abacus 5000 years ago has been facilitating business in the basic calculation plus, minus and darab.Ia has been widely used by businessmen China, Turkey and Greece.
 Blaise Pascal was a French scientist and mathematician who was born in the year 1623. In 1642, he has invented a calculating machine   mechanical first principles of tithing.
 George Boole was an English mathematician in the year 1815-1864. He developed the concept of algebra logical True / False. He also introduced the basic mathematical symbols and to the use of the design of logic circuits in computers.
 Charles Babbage was born in 1792, was a mathematician and inventor. He built "The Difference Engine" that can solve computation of mathematical tables. Then he was thinking of the other machine creation of "Analytical Engine" which is expected to perform a variety of calculations. Unfortunately, the machine could not be built during his lifetime. "Analytical Engine" has the specs at the present time have input devices, secondary storage, processor, control unit and output devices.
 Some Augusta Byron helped Charles Babbage in the building instructions for the machine calculation "Analytical Engine" . He was the first computer programming using the "Analytical Engine".Programming language ' ADA ' taken after her. He has also published a note that encourages scientists to execute what Charles Babbage did not have time to do.
Herman Hollerith developed a device that can process Auto calculation census. The machine must be able to complete the count within two years of the census. In 1880, the U.S. population census results are known. The difference between machine Hollerith and Babbage is Hollerith machines used electricity while Babbage machine uses mechanical power.
Howard Aiken has introduced electromechanical machines called MARK I . Thus, the MARK I then began the modern era of computers. The machine is to solve basic computation and problem trigonometric functions. Characteristics MARK I , has a height of 8 feet and a length of 55 feet. It is built of steel and glass, producing a loud sound during processing dilalakukan, contains more than 750,000 parts are bonded together using a wire along the 500 miles. Some of the systems are at different levels. So you have to get on a ladder to install the machine switches. Meanwhile, Dr. John Mauchly and his student J. Presper Eckert requested by U.S. military officials to build a machine that can calculate bullets quickly. They were referring to the work of Dr. John Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berry .Atanasoff and Berry succeeded in building the first digital computer electronics in the title using the ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer). while Mauchly and Eckert had used ABC as the basis for developing other computer the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator). ENIAC was the first computer designed for general purpose then appear UNIVAC I computer the first commercially traded.

Max Newman & Tony Flower

Computer History - Introduction

Introduction

Computer is an electronic machine that is useful in the past and the present. The computer can alleviate human daily work, helping resolve human tasks quickly and accurately.
Computer is a machine that can be programmed to use diversity. Computer can receive raw data, figures and will process them and then manipulate to make the information useful. It is also programmed to receive input, and processed to produce the required output, and it is also capable of storing information for use in the future.
Computers have become part of people's lives because it has a speed (speed), reliability (reliability), storage capacity (storage capability), productivity (Productivity) , decision-making and reduce costs. As a conclusion, the computer is an electronic machine that can complete tasks faster than human labor and the most accurate.

IBM System

What is microprocessor.?

Microprocessor

Microprocessor is a program-controlled device, which fetches the instructions from memory, decodes and executes the instructions. Most Micro Processor are single- chip devices.
A single chip CPU is called as Microprocessor.The CPU is made of two units namely the Arithmetic and Logic Unit and the Control Unit.It performs functions like executing the instructions given by the user program, controlling the I/O operations and the functions of peripheral devices
A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC, or microchip).
The first microprocessors emerged in the early 1970s and were used for electronic calculators, using binary-coded decimal (BCD) arithmetic on 4-bit words. Other embedded uses of 4- and 8-bit microprocessors, such as terminals, printers, various kinds of automation etc, followed rather quickly. Affordable 8-bit microprocessors with 16-bit addressing also led to the first general purpose microcomputers in the mid-1970s. Computer processors were for a long period constructed out of small and medium-scale ICs containing the equivalent of a few to a few hundred transistors.
The integration of the whole CPU onto a single chip therefore greatly reduced the cost of processing capacity. From their humble beginnings, continued increases in microprocessor capacity have rendered other forms of computers almost completely obsolete (see history of computing hardware), with one or more microprocessor as processing element in everything from the smallest embedded systems and handheld devices to the largest mainframes and supercomputers.
Since the early 1970s, the increase in capacity of microprocessors has been known to generally follow Moore's Law, which suggests that the complexity of an integrated circuit, with respect to minimum component cost, doubles every two years. In the late 1990s, and in the high-performance microprocessor segment, heat generation (TDP), due to switching losses, static current leakage, and other factors, emerged as a leading developmental constraint.

Intel microprocessor

AMD microprocessor